Why Word Formation Matters (কেন গুরুত্বপূর্ণ)
Using the wrong form of a word — "an economic country" instead of "an economical car", or "the develop of cities" instead of "the development" — is counted as a grammar and a vocabulary error. Knowing the whole word family (noun, verb, adjective, adverb) means you can always slot in the correct form and paraphrase more flexibly — a double win for Band 7.
শব্দের ভুল রূপ ব্যবহার — "the develop of cities" নয়, "the development" — ব্যাকরণ ও শব্দভান্ডার দুই ভুল হিসেবে গণ্য। পূর্ণ word family (noun/verb/adjective/adverb) জানলে সঠিক রূপ বসাতে ও সহজে paraphrase করতে পারবেন — Band 7-এর দ্বৈত লাভ।
Part of the Band 7+ grammar series. See also the Academic Word List for 570 word families with all their forms.
সঙ্গে দেখুন Academic Word List।
Word Families (শব্দ পরিবার)
Most academic words have four forms. Learn them together, not one at a time. বেশির ভাগ একাডেমিক শব্দের চারটি রূপ। একসঙ্গে শিখুন।
| Noun | Verb | Adjective | Adverb |
|---|---|---|---|
| economy / economics | economise | economic / economical | economically |
| development | develop | developed / developing | — |
| success | succeed | successful | successfully |
| pollution / pollutant | pollute | polluted / polluting | — |
| benefit | benefit | beneficial | beneficially |
| competition / competitor | compete | competitive | competitively |
| strength | strengthen | strong | strongly |
| reliance | rely | reliable / reliant | reliably |
| significance | signify | significant | significantly |
Watch tricky pairs: economic (relating to the economy) vs economical (money-saving); historic (important in history) vs historical (about the past). Meaning changes with the suffix.
ট্রিকি জোড়া: economic ≠ economical; historic ≠ historical।
Suffixes — Endings That Change the Form (শেষাংশ)
The ending usually tells you the part of speech. Recognising suffixes helps in Reading too. শেষাংশ সাধারণত part of speech বলে দেয়; Reading-এও সাহায্য করে।
| Makes a… | Common suffixes | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Noun | -tion, -ment, -ness, -ity, -ance/-ence, -ship, -ism, -al | education, development, awareness, ability, importance, dependence, approval |
| Person noun | -er, -or, -ist, -ant | employer, investor, scientist, participant |
| Verb | -ise/-ize, -ify, -en, -ate | modernise, simplify, strengthen, motivate |
| Adjective | -ful, -less, -able/-ible, -ive, -ous, -al, -ic, -ent/-ant | useful, harmless, sustainable, effective, dangerous, cultural, economic, significant |
| Adverb | -ly | rapidly, significantly, economically |
Prefixes — Beginnings That Change the Meaning (উপসর্গ)
| Prefix | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, dis-, non- | not / opposite | unemployed, inefficient, impossible, illegal, irregular, disadvantage, non-renewable |
| mis- | wrongly | misunderstand, misuse, misinform |
| over- / under- | too much / too little | overcrowded, overestimate, underdeveloped, underprivileged |
| re- | again | reduce, renewable, reconsider, rebuild |
| pre- / post- | before / after | predict, prevent, postpone, post-war |
| inter- / trans- | between / across | international, interact, transport, transform |
| sub- / super- | under / above | submarine, subsidy, supervise, superior |
| co- / multi- / self- | together / many / self | cooperate, multicultural, self-sufficient |
Spelling of "in-": it becomes im- before m/p (impossible), il- before l (illegal), ir- before r (irregular). This makes them easier to spell correctly.
"in-"-এর বানান: m/p-এর আগে im-, l-এর আগে il-, r-এর আগে ir-।
Order of Adjectives (বিশেষণের ক্রম)
When two or more adjectives sit before a noun, English follows a fixed order. You rarely need all eight, but the sequence must be right. একাধিক বিশেষণ noun-এর আগে বসলে ইংরেজি একটি নির্দিষ্ট ক্রম মানে।
Adverb position: adverbs of frequency go before the main verb but after "be" — "Cities often struggle"; "Traffic is usually heavy". Manner adverbs usually go at the end — "grew rapidly".
Adverb অবস্থান: frequency adverb মূল ক্রিয়ার আগে, "be"-এর পরে; manner adverb শেষে।
Band 6 → Band 7 Errors (সাধারণ ভুল)
Your Turn — Use the Right Form (অনুশীলন)
Change the word in brackets to the correct form. বন্ধনীর শব্দটি সঠিক রূপে বদলান।
Show a model answer
…the development of rural areas. (noun)
Show a model answer
…rose dramatically… (adverb)
Show a model answer
…highly beneficial… (adjective)
Show a model answer
…is inefficient. (prefix in-)
Show a model answer
…failed to strengthen the economy. (verb, -en)
Final guide: the Common Errors & Proofreading Workshop — put every rule together and edit real paragraphs.
শেষ গাইড: Proofreading Workshop।