Grammar: One-Sentence Summaries

Why This Matters (কেন গুরুত্বপূর্ণ)

Summarize Written Text demands a single, grammatically complete sentence of 5-75 words. Write two sentences — even two perfectly correct ones — and the response scores zero on form, regardless of content. The entire skill is clause-combining: taking what would naturally be two or three sentences and fusing them with a conjunction, relative pronoun, or participle.

Summarize Written Text-এ ৫-৭৫ শব্দের একটি মাত্র ব্যাকরণগতভাবে সম্পূর্ণ বাক্য দরকার। দুটি বাক্য লিখলে — নির্ভুল হলেও — ফর্মে শূন্য পাবেন। মূল দক্ষতা হলো clause-combining: স্বাভাবিকভাবে যা দুই-তিনটি বাক্য হতো তা conjunction, relative pronoun বা participle দিয়ে জোড়া লাগানো।

The one-sentence rule is strict: a full stop, semicolon used as a sentence break, or two independent clauses with no connector at all, all count as a form violation.

এক-বাক্যের নিয়ম কঠোর: দাঁড়ি, বাক্য ভাঙার সেমিকোলন, অথবা সংযোগকারী ছাড়া দুটি স্বাধীন clause — সবই ফর্ম লঙ্ঘন।

The Clause-Combining Toolkit

Four reliable tools turn separate ideas into one sentence. Mix them — using only "and" every time reads as repetitive and caps your Written Discourse score.

চারটি নির্ভরযোগ্য কৌশল আলাদা ধারণাকে এক বাক্যে পরিণত করে। শুধু "and" ব্যবহার করলে পুনরাবৃত্তিমূলক শোনায়।

1. Subordinating Conjunctions (অধীন সংযোগকারী)

although / because / while / since / whereas + clause A , clause B.
GOODAlthough vertical farms use significantly less water than open-field agriculture, their high electricity costs currently limit them to high-value crops.
FORM VIOLATIONVertical farms use significantly less water than open-field agriculture. However, their high electricity costs currently limit them to high-value crops. (দুটি বাক্য — শূন্য নম্বর)

2. Relative Clauses (Relative Clause)

noun + which / who / that + extra information, + rest of sentence.
GOODUrban heat islands, which form when dark surfaces absorb and slowly release heat, can be reduced through tree planting and reflective roofing.

3. Participle Clauses (Participle Clause)

-ing / -ed clause, + main clause.
GOODHaving expanded rapidly over the past decade, urban farming now provides fresh produce while reducing transport emissions in several major cities.
WEAKERUrban farming has expanded rapidly. It now provides fresh produce. It also reduces transport emissions. (তিনটি ছোট বাক্য — সংযুক্ত নয়)

4. Coordinating Conjunctions, Used Sparingly (যৌগিক সংযোগকারী)

clause A, and/but/so clause B.

Fine for two short, closely related ideas — but overusing "and" to chain three or more ideas produces a run-on sentence that reads as unplanned rather than deliberately complex.

Sentence Anatomy (বাক্যের গঠন)

Every one-sentence summary needs exactly one main idea (the passage's core claim) plus 1-2 supporting details, joined by a single connector — not three separate facts bolted together.

Main claim (Passage) Supporting detail + ONE sentence: connector joins both ideas (although / which / -ing)
One main claim + one supporting detail, joined by a single connector. একটি মূল দাবি + একটি সহায়ক তথ্য, একটি সংযোগকারী দিয়ে জোড়া।

Common Errors (সাধারণ ভুল)

ERROR: comma spliceVertical farms save water, they cost more to run. (কমা দিয়ে দুটি স্বাধীন clause জোড়া দেওয়া যায় না)
FIXVertical farms save water, but they cost more to run.
ERROR: dangling participleExpanding rapidly, the water savings of vertical farms are significant. (যে শব্দটি "expanding" করছে তা বাক্যে নেই)
FIXExpanding rapidly, vertical farms now offer significant water savings.
ERROR: too many clausesVertical farms, which grow crops indoors, save water, which is scarce, and reduce transport, which cuts emissions, although they cost more. (চারটি clause গুলিয়ে গেছে — পড়া কঠিন)
FIXAlthough vertical farms cost more to run, they save water and reduce transport emissions by growing crops close to cities.

Your Turn (অনুশীলন করুন)

Combine each pair into one grammatically correct sentence, then reveal a model answer.

1 Solar home systems are common in rural Bangladesh. They cost less than kerosene over time. (relative or participle)
Show a model answer

Solar home systems, which are now common in rural Bangladesh, cost less than kerosene over time.

2 Microplastics come mostly from broken-down plastic waste. A smaller share comes from clothing fibres. (contrast)
Show a model answer

Microplastics come mostly from broken-down plastic waste, whereas a smaller share comes from clothing fibres.

3 Remote work improved focus on individual tasks. It made spontaneous collaboration harder. (concession)
Show a model answer

While remote work improved focus on individual tasks, it made spontaneous collaboration harder.

4 Cities are testing protected cycle lanes. Cycling rates have increased sharply as a result. (reduced clause)
Show a model answer

Cities testing protected cycle lanes have seen cycling rates increase sharply as a result.